REPASO SPANISH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

1. Name the key factors to the process of spanish american independence.
2. How did the spanish XVIIIth century Bourbon kings incentivate american prosperity?
3. Did this have any social consequence there in the Indies?
4. Name factors which led american criollos to desire full independence.How did Criollos show their dissent once the War of Independence started in Spain?
5. From 1808 many virreinatos declared themselves autonomous or even independent. All but one, which one?
6. Name criollo leaders.
7. How did the Cortes in Cádiz react to all this? And why was their reaction to no avail?
8. Did Fernando VII solve this problem once he returned?
9. Which were the main battles of spanish american independence?
10. Independence came from 1820 on. Which important problems did it leave unsolved?

PREGUNTAS CLASE JUEVES SPANISH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

YO VOY A HABLAR POCO. PRACTICAD, QUE LAS VAIS A DECIR VOSOTROS
1. Name the key factors to the process of spanish american independence.
2. How did the spanish XVIIIth century Bourbon kings incentivate american prosperity?
3. Did this have any social consequence there in the Indies?
4. Name factors which led american criollos to desire full independence.
How did Criollos show their dissent once the War of Independence started in Spain?
5. From 1808 many virreinatos declared themselves autonomous or even independent. All but one, which one?
6. Name criollo leaders.
7. How did the Cortes in Cádiz react to all this? And why was their reaction to no avail?
8. Did Fernando VII solve this problem once he returned?
9. Which were the main battles of spanish american independence?
10. Independence came from 1820 on. Which important problems did it leave unsolved?

SESIÓN ULTRALARGA: FIN TEMA 3

1. Did anything change in Spanish medieval society or economy?

2 El feudalismo se extendió por influencia franca. ¿Cómo, por qué y dónde en especial se desarrolló más?

3. Which types of feudal dominions appeared?
SOCIEDAD
5. ¿Qué privilegios disfrutaban los dos estamentos privilegiados? ¿Quién no los disfrutaba?
6. How did the high nobility secure its power and revenue at the end of the Reconquest? And what kept the Church immensely rich after that process, apart from land donations?
7. ¿Por qué eran heterogéneos los dos grupos no privilegiados en los dos principales reinos?

8. Then we have two segregated minorities, jews and muslims (mudéjares). Why were only jews persecuted?

9. ¿Cuándo empìeza a cambiar la estructura económica?

10. Compare briefly the situation in Castile and Aragon..

D. LA CRISIS BAJOMEDIEVAL.
Crisis demográfica y agrícola

11. ¿Qué hizo que la Peste Negra tuviera consecuencias tan apocalípticas?(CONCEPT P. 62 UP,IMAGE 62 DWN)

12. Did it affect all of the Spanish kingdoms equally?

13. La ruina económica se extendió como en una pesadilla, ¿cómo?Revueltas sociales:

14. We have explained how peasants were affected. How did they respond to it? Name examples.

15. ¿A quiénes se culpó por la mala situación? ¿Qué les pasó en las ciudades?Crisis política en Castilla

16. What was the consequence of the king´s fight against the privileged in Castile?

17. ¿Continuó la lucha? SEE CHART P. 64 UP.

18. Did they take other measures directed to the strengthening of royal power?

19. ¿Cómo resultó todo?Crisis política en Aragón:

20. How was that the Trastamaras also got to occupy the throne in Aragon? SEE CHART P. 65 UP.

21.¿Cómo se las arregló la nueva dinastía para llegar a una guerra civil en 1462?

22. This war was complex (CHART P. 64 UP). Explain it politically, socially and in the urban context of Barcelona.

23. ¿Cómo acabó?E.LA CRISIS BAJOMEDIEVAL: NAVARRA. CONSECUENCIAS DE LA CRISIS. ESPAÑA, CRISOL DE CULTURAS.La crisis bajomedieval: Navarra.

24. Which two factors explain the specificity of the kingdom of Navarre in the Late Middle Ages?

25. ¿Cómo se manifestaron las tensiones sociales típicas del XV en Navarra?Consecuencias de la crisis:

26. Compare the consequences of the late medieval crisis in Castile and Aragon.España, crisol de culturas.

27. Which institution and city has come to personify the diverse spanish medieval culture?

28. ¿Cómo se desarrollaron las lenguas romance en tierras cristianas?

29. How did church predominance in teaching end?

10º session: Society. Economy. The late medieval crisis (1)

CONTENTS: 59-62
ESTRUCTURA SOCIOECONÓMICA:
1. Did anything change in Spanish medieval society or economy?

2. Feudalism did appear in the Iberian peninsula through frankish influence. How did it evolve and spread?

3. Which types of feudal dominions appeared?

4. In spite of Presura or free repopulation, Feudalism did spread in the end. Why? Where and when especially?
SOCIEDAD
5. Which privileges did the two predominant social groups enjoy? Who were the non privileged?

6. How did the high nobility secure its power and revenue at the end of the Reconquest? And what kept the Church immensely rich after that process, apart from land donations?

7. Why wasn’t the distribution of the two non privileged groups homogeneous in the two kingdoms?

8. Then we have two segregated minorities, jews and muslims (mudéjares). Why were only jews persecuted?

9. When does economic structure begin to change?

10. Compare briefly the situation in Castile and Aragon.
D. LA CRISIS BAJOMEDIEVAL.
Crisis demográfica y agrícola
11. What made the effects of the so called Black Death (CONCEPT P. 62 UP,IMAGE 62 DWN), reach such an apocalyptic level?

12. Did it affect all of the Spanish kingdoms equally?

13. Economic ruin spread as in a nightmare. How?
Revueltas sociales:
14. We have explained how peasants were affected. How did they respond to it? Name examples.

15. Who were blamed for the bad situation?. What happened in towns?

ANSWERS 9º session. Reconquest in the XIIIth century. Administration.

1. What was crucial for the great Christian expansion during the XIII century?
The great victory of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), where almohads were utterly and definitely defeated by a coalition of all Christian kingdoms but León.
2. Watching the MAP on page 55 UP, choose two relevant facts in the Christian expansion in the first half of the XIII century?
Portugal closed its southern border in El Algarve and Fernando III, the king who reunited Castile and Leon, took almost all of western al andalus, including the two main capitals, Cordoba and Sevilla.
3. What was left of Al Andalus and how could it last to the end of the XV century?
The kingdom of Granada. Because of tribute and diplomatic expertise taking advantage of Christian internal strife.
4. The house of Barcelona kept territories in southern France which were maintained after the union with Aragon. Which were them and how were they lost?
Occitaine and Provence. France took advantage of Aragon´s protection to the cathar heresy to declare war, which it won, having aragonese interests out of the country from the mid XIIIth century.
5. Did Aragon develop another strategy?
Yes, expansion in muslim Levant and the Mediterranean. James I the conqueror took the kingdom of Valencia and the Balearic islands (TEXT 55 DOWN).
6. The catalan- aragonese confederation combined this levantine expansion with important trade interests. Which were the territorial gains are visible in the map up page 56?
Sicily, Sardinia, the ducats of Athens and Neopatria, torn from the byzantines, culminating in the XV century with the inheritance of the kingdom of Naples.
Pedro el Grande and Alfonso el Magnánimo stand out in this evolution, which will be of capital importance during the Spanish hegemony of the XVI and XVII centuries.
7. Free repopulation or presura dates from the time of muslim predominance under the caliphs. Why did kings offer such good conditions and why did that situation change?
Because of the lack of population. Military needs finally gave predominance to monasteries and nobles.
8. Why did councils lead repopulation during the first Christian impulse of the XI and XII centuries?
They had to deal with semi abandoned relatively large cities, which controlled large territories (alfoz), so the kings entrusted them with the task and awarded them written privileges (fueros, carta de poblamiento: SEE TEXT P. 56).


9. What is the main difference between conquered population in Levant and the south?
In the south, most of the muslims fled. Moriscos remained in Levant.
10. Big rural estates predominate in the south, even today. Why?
The big andalusian south was repopulated with “repartimentos”, basically benefitting the Church, nobles and military orders.
The way Christians repopulated former muslim lands has been a key factor to explain many things about Spanish traditional economy or society. For example, the structure of land property in the south (extensive big estates), is closely linked to Andalucia´s traditional undervelopment.
C. DIFERENCIAS INSTITUCIONALES. SOCIEDAD Y ECONOMÍA.
11. Which were the three great Christian kingdoms and their three main institutions?
Castile, Aragon and Navarre. Monarchy, Cortes and town councils.
Monarquía:
12. Which necessary institutions did appear around the god ordained kings?
Royal council, Curia or Court of Justice, administrative Chancery, and Treasury.
Opcional:
13. Compare Castile and Aragon in terms of royal power, importance of the cortes, centralization.
In spite of uprisings by the nobility or towns, castilian kings were much more powerful because in the aragonese confederacy the diverse kingdoms and their laws (Usatges, Fueros, Furs: IMAGE 57 DOWN), counted politically by virtue of Pactism and the importance of Cortes, which in the end could even pass laws. By that same reason, and with the exception of basque lands, Castile was much more centralized. In that process, roman law was reused (7 Partidas by Alfonso X, Ordenamiento de Alcalá, by Alfonso XI: IMAGE 57 UP).
Cortes:
14. Why did Cortes appear in the XII century?
Kings needed towns and burghers in the Extraordinary Court (Curia extraordinaria), an advisory organism, because indeed they were the only tax payers.
15. How did they work? Where did they firstly appear?
Basically, the king asked for money (subsidies), and in return had to listen to grievances and petitions. Castile and Leon.
16. Distinguish the Cortes in Castile, Aragon and Navarre.
In Castile it was all about subsidies (CHART 58 UP). In Navarre they took the king´s oath to respect their laws and uses (Fueros), and had to be consulted. In Aragon they were more complex and powerful because they discussed subsidies and could issue laws. They even had a permanent representation, origin of the now active Generalitat.
17. In general, how did the rule of cities evolve?
From open assemblies (cabildo abierto), to town councils where the high class predominated.
18. Where can we find more democracy in this kingdoms?
Catalan towns such as Barcelona at least had the Consell de Cent (IMAGE 58 DWN), a chosen body, though the richest prevailed. In Castile, dominating nobles were replaced by the king appointed Corregidor.

8º SESSION: questions and answers Up to the XIIIth century plus Camino de Santiago

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE WAY OF SAINT JAMES:
Which was the main economic source of income for northern Christian kingdoms from the XI century on?
The Way of St James (Camino de Santiago), after the discovery of the apostle St James´s remains in the Field of the Star (Campus Stellae, Compostela). SEE MAP 51 DWN.

All kinds of religious buildings were built. What other factor do you think had an influence on this religious effervescence?
The arrival of mozarabes, who must have been desperate to be permitted their worship.

Name two other things that came to Spain via El Camino.
Lots of European innovations such as Romanesque and Gothic arts (IMG 51 DWN), and of course the activation of economy and urbanism.
QUESTIONS ALREADY EXPLAINED IN CLASS
1. Which were the first northwestern Christian petty territories?
Kingdom of Pamplona (future Navarra) and counties in Aragon (Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza), and in future Catalunya. MAP P. 52.

2. What was the origin of these territories? Summarize the evolution and its consequences.
The Carolingian Spanish Mark. Charlemagne (IMG 52), tried an expedition into andalusian lands. He only got to Zaragoza, and he fortified his conquests. European Feudalism was present here (TEXT 52).

3. When did independence from the Franks happen?
Around the end of the first third of the IX century (Aznar Galíndez in Aragon and the Aristas in Pamplona).

4. How did the expansion of Pamplona happen?
With the support of Asturias- León, they fought muslims in what is now La Rioja (the Jimena dynasty, from the X century).

5. The catalan counties had a different situation. Why?
Frank presence endured almost into the late X century.

6. Which among them came to be the most important?
The county of Barcelona.

B. LOS PRIMEROS REINOS CRISTIANOS: PAMPLONA, LA CONSOLIDACIÓN. EXPANSIÓN Y REPOBLACIÓN.
Pamplona:
7. Pamplona thrived greatly in the XI century. Under which King? What were the components of that hegemony?
Sancho III the Elder. It took the counties in Aragon and Castilla. But not only that, kings of Leon and counts of Barcelona were his vassals, and even in southern France he was respected. MAP P. 53.

8. What did Sancho do with his heritage? Which two kingdoms appeared in the process?
Divide it among his sons. Aragon and Castile, no more a county.
Consolidación de los reinos:
9. Which among Sancho´s sons ended up as the real heir to his father´s might?
Fernando I of Castile, who ended up being also king of Leon.

10. Summarize the evolution of the Christian kingdoms.
Castile and Leon were finally unified under the name of Castile in the XIII century, soon to be one of the mightiest kingdoms, though it lost the county, future realm of Portugal, to the end of the XII century (TEXT CTER P. 53).
Pamplona, known as the kingdom of Navarre since the end of the XII century, was annexed to Aragon incidentally, lost territory to Castile and ended with no muslim border, though it cooperated in the Christian “reconquest”. During the late Middle Ages it came under the influence of France.
Aragon knew its expansion under Alfonso I (IMAGE P. 53), whose problematic testament started a period of internal strife. It all ended with the realm´s union with the catalan territories of the House of Barcelona (1137), thus shaping the other great christian kingdom.
La expansion de los siglos XI y XII:
11. Why did christians initiate a full scale in the second half of the XI century?FOR ALL OF IT, SEE MAP IN P. 54.
The caliphate disappeared and they could exact tributes or Parias from the resulting petty Taifa kingdoms, thus rearming and strengthening their armies.

12. The Tajo basin was taken by two leonese or Castilian kings. Name them and their main achievement.
Fernando I (took Coimbra and forced the payment of tributes), and Alfonso VI, who took Toledo, the visigothic capital.

13. What was the muslim strategy? Summarize its results.
Call to their aid north african muslims: almoravids (between the end of the XI and beginning of the XII century), and Almohads (second half of the XII century). Christians were stopped.

14. The situation was rather different to the east, in the Ebro basin. Why?
Aragonese and catalan rulers such as Alfonso I or Ramon Berenguer IV took in this years what is now Aragon and Cataluña.

7 SESSION: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Historically, which was the great Spanish muslim city, comparable to
Rome during the IX and X centuries AD?
Cordoba (SEE PLAN IN P. 41 DOWN)

2. Which ones replaced it?Sevilla, Almeria, Murcia, Badajoz, Zaragoza, during the Taifas. CHART P. 41 UP.
3. What was the reason for a fortified Medina?It enclosed the two main features and functions of the city: the seat of Rule and of religion.
4. Which were the Medina three main parts? Main zoco, Mosque (TXT 40 DWN), and Alcazaba or Palace.
5. And the main public services? Inns, religious schools (madrasas), and public baths.
6. Which four elements could one find outside the walls of an andalusian city?Noble villas or palaces (almunia: IMG AND TXTS P. 41), parks, the cemetery and new neighborhoods which were also walled (TEXT 40 CTER).
7. How were streets organized? Gates to the Medina, and also based on races or trades.
8. How did muslims plan their day to day life? How did this reflect in their house building? Because of the weather and the importance given to family, their day to day life was inside houses, which had rich gardens, no exterior signs and few openings in windows and doors.
9. Was islamization as deep as Romanization? Why? No, not all of the territory was conquered and it varied extraordinarily with time.
10. Islamic culture was eclectic . What about this eclecticism was essential to our western civilization? Name an example. The transmission of the wisdom from classical Antiquity. Medicine and Chirurgy (SEE IMAGE 42 UP).
11. Name ways in which arabic influenced spanish. Many Spanish words come from Arabic, especially when starting with –al (particularly present in eastern and southern toponymy). SEE TEXT 42 DWN.
12. Cordoba was during the Caliphate an important center of cultural transmission. Name an example.
The diffusion of Arabic numbers, an innovation from India.

13. Explain how did all this splendour come to an end.
With the arrival of northern African empires after the XI century, which resulted to be more intolerant.
14. Do you know why are Averroes and Maimónides (TEXT 42 CTER), muslim and jew, are extraordinarily important to western culture? * They studied and translated Aristotle, and this was of the outmost importance, since among other ideas, this put forward the idea that the visible world is also a work of god, and in consequence, should be studied and measured (Science), and represented realistically (Art).
15. Whose support was essential to fleeing visigoths in the cantabrian mountain range? The asturs, who finally elected Pelaius, a noble Visigoth, it seems, as their chief.
16. How was it that resistance against muslims started? This small group had a victory in the battle or skirmish of Covadonga,, in 722.
17. Between the middle of the VIII and the IX centuries, this group built a kingdom. Name its capitals and main leaders. Cangas de Onís, Oviedo. Pelaius, Alfonso I and II (IMG 50 UP).

18. State the reason or reasons why they could resist the emirate.
Divisions between muslims and the fact, remember, that berbers felt discriminated and could not establish that north.
19. In the next 50 years more or less, the new kingdom expanded. Name leaders. Ramiro I (IMG 50 UP), Ordoño I and Alfonso III.

20. How and where di they expand?
They got their border to the river Duero and took the capital to Leon, thus renaming the realm (KINGDOM OF LEÓN). MAP P. 50. IMAGE 51 UP.
21. How did kings from León use andalusian immigration? Mozarabes came to repopulate the Duero basin.

22. How did Leon justify their warmongering towards muslims? With the mozarabe ideal of the Reconquest of the lost kingdom of Toledo. TEXT P. 5O

23. The caliphate was the strongest state in western Europe along the IX and X centuries, if you remember. Militarily, how did this affect Leon? They had to pay tribute or endure terrible raids like those of Almansur. On the east frontier, they built castles and thus the region, then a county, came to be known as Castile (Castilla).
24. What happened to Castile inside the kingdom of Leon? Clue: it can be compared to the Caliphate´s end. It was segregated and became an independent under Fernan Gonzalez (927).