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viernes, 1 de octubre de 2010
6º SESSION: ANDALUSIAN STATE AND SOCIETY: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Here we have three concepts: rule, government departments, minister. Link them to visir, diwan and emir-caliph (IMG 36 UP).
Obvious.
2. What was the base of the tax system?
Cities, just like Rome.
3. On whom did it depend?
Non muslims, who payed capitation and for their wealth. There were, of course, extraordinary taxes for all.
4. Al Andalus was very rich and thus administration was very complex. (TEXT 36 DOWN). That tells us of a very modern and powerful state, which even gave certain rights to its subjects. Name an example.
To have someone judging possible abuses by those who had power.
5. The provinces were named Coras, and they were ruled by Valis. What about special frontier provinces?
This were marks, just like Carolingian Catalonia. There were three: Upper (Zaragoza), Middle (Toledo), and Lower (Badajoz).
6. What financial problem did the powerful andalusian army create?
Constant war threats created the need to compensate soldiers with land or directly buy mercenaries. SEE IMGE 37 UP AND TEXT 37 MIDDLE.
7. How was the 711muslim invasion in demographic terms?
Muslims were just 50000 among almost 4 million. They were a vast minority.
8. What privileges did the Jassia or arab aristocracy enjoy?
They ruled, took the majority of the land and income from conquest and taxes.
9. Was the Jassia racially homogeneous?
No, there were also converted visigothic families (Tudmir or Banu Qasi, which means sons of Cassius). SEE TEXT 38 UP.
10. The Famnia, the middle and lower class was also racially and culturally heterogeneous, why?
Because of muladies, converted local folk.
11. Were these classes socially peaceful?
No, they both resented discrimination from the Jassia.
12. Were Spanish muslims religiously tolerant? Name examples.
Though not at all times, they protected the peoples of the Book, jews and Christians.
Mozárabes (IMG 38 DWN), but also Jews (see MAP 35 DWN).
13. Was there any social unrest between these and muslims?
Yes, to the point that from the IX century on they fled to Christian lands (TEXT 37 DWN), where, among other things, they kept the memory of the Visigoths and started to talk about the Reconquest of the lost kingdom. SEE TEXT IN P. 50
14. Why were Jews content in Al Andalus? Until when?
Because they were permitted their religion and uses. Until the arrival of Almohads.
15. Which were the two types of slaves? Why did this social group become important?
African Sudanese blacks (IMG 38 UP), and slavs. They were mercenaries, often personal guards to rulers, thus having an important role in successions.
16. What did roman and andalusian economic structure have in common? MAP 39 DOWN.
6 things. The importance of agriculture (TEXT 39), which among muslims was even more intensive (new products, development of irrigation IMG 39 UP…).Further development of mining, which had been very important in roman times. Cities as a center of trade distribution (zoco), and craftsman guilds. The insertion of Spain in a complex global trade net, which went this time from the southern Mediterranean basin to India and Africa, and even the Baltic sea. Control of trade routes and strong currency (dinar, dirhem, IMG 39 DOWN).
17. Watch which products came from where. Try to state some conclusion.
Manufactures came from Europe, Luxuries from Asia and raw materials and metals from Africa. Nothing has changed, really.
Obvious.
2. What was the base of the tax system?
Cities, just like Rome.
3. On whom did it depend?
Non muslims, who payed capitation and for their wealth. There were, of course, extraordinary taxes for all.
4. Al Andalus was very rich and thus administration was very complex. (TEXT 36 DOWN). That tells us of a very modern and powerful state, which even gave certain rights to its subjects. Name an example.
To have someone judging possible abuses by those who had power.
5. The provinces were named Coras, and they were ruled by Valis. What about special frontier provinces?
This were marks, just like Carolingian Catalonia. There were three: Upper (Zaragoza), Middle (Toledo), and Lower (Badajoz).
6. What financial problem did the powerful andalusian army create?
Constant war threats created the need to compensate soldiers with land or directly buy mercenaries. SEE IMGE 37 UP AND TEXT 37 MIDDLE.
7. How was the 711muslim invasion in demographic terms?
Muslims were just 50000 among almost 4 million. They were a vast minority.
8. What privileges did the Jassia or arab aristocracy enjoy?
They ruled, took the majority of the land and income from conquest and taxes.
9. Was the Jassia racially homogeneous?
No, there were also converted visigothic families (Tudmir or Banu Qasi, which means sons of Cassius). SEE TEXT 38 UP.
10. The Famnia, the middle and lower class was also racially and culturally heterogeneous, why?
Because of muladies, converted local folk.
11. Were these classes socially peaceful?
No, they both resented discrimination from the Jassia.
12. Were Spanish muslims religiously tolerant? Name examples.
Though not at all times, they protected the peoples of the Book, jews and Christians.
Mozárabes (IMG 38 DWN), but also Jews (see MAP 35 DWN).
13. Was there any social unrest between these and muslims?
Yes, to the point that from the IX century on they fled to Christian lands (TEXT 37 DWN), where, among other things, they kept the memory of the Visigoths and started to talk about the Reconquest of the lost kingdom. SEE TEXT IN P. 50
14. Why were Jews content in Al Andalus? Until when?
Because they were permitted their religion and uses. Until the arrival of Almohads.
15. Which were the two types of slaves? Why did this social group become important?
African Sudanese blacks (IMG 38 UP), and slavs. They were mercenaries, often personal guards to rulers, thus having an important role in successions.
16. What did roman and andalusian economic structure have in common? MAP 39 DOWN.
6 things. The importance of agriculture (TEXT 39), which among muslims was even more intensive (new products, development of irrigation IMG 39 UP…).Further development of mining, which had been very important in roman times. Cities as a center of trade distribution (zoco), and craftsman guilds. The insertion of Spain in a complex global trade net, which went this time from the southern Mediterranean basin to India and Africa, and even the Baltic sea. Control of trade routes and strong currency (dinar, dirhem, IMG 39 DOWN).
17. Watch which products came from where. Try to state some conclusion.
Manufactures came from Europe, Luxuries from Asia and raw materials and metals from Africa. Nothing has changed, really.
jueves, 30 de septiembre de 2010
5th class: questions and answers
CONTENTS: PP. 31 TO 35
Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
It means it was a province of the muslim empire, the Caliphate, first Ummayad in Damascus, then Abbasid in Bagdad. They depended on their regional capital, which was in Kairawan, northern Africa, and ultimately on the caliph, the spiritual and temporal muslim chief (TEXT 31 DOWN).
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
Until then, dependence was political and religious, but the Ummayad dynasty was almost exterminated and substituted by the Abbasids in the Caliphate, changing the capital to Bagdad. The last Ummayad became emir of Al Andalus, dependent only in matters spiritual (Abderraman I).
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
Weakening of central control (unrest in the frontier marks, powerful nobles, development of petty Christian kingdoms), and rebellions in the two mixed social groups (mozarabes, local folk who had remained Christians, and muladies when they had converted). The revolts of the arrabal or suburb in Cordoba (818) and the muladi Ben Hafsun in Bobastro, stand out.
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
He broke his relations with the caliph in Bagdad, thus becoming absolute ruler, in matters spiritual and also temporal.
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
He centralized rule and broke the importance of muslim tribes by creating a mercenary army and a new aristocracy loyal only to him.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
Expansion in northern Africa and relations with the eastern roman empire, Byzantium. Also,the building of the Codoba mosque and the palace of Medina Azahra.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
He became the scourge of the Christians around the much feared 1000 AD (sacking of Santiago and Barcelona), dominating the army and administration, taking advantage of the caliph´s weakness.
TAIFAS.
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
The cost of the army, the need for constant victories to balance the racial division among muslims (berbers, arabs, slavs).
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
One of his sons declared himself caliph. The disagreement of Berbers and Slavis brought Christians into the fight.
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
With petty taifa kingdoms (CONCEPT 33 UP, MAP 34 UP), created around a city.
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
Muslim racial division could be seen on their distribution: slavs (Mediterranean), berbers (andalucia), arabs (andalucia, center and aragon).
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
Because of the payment of parias to Christians (CONCEPT 33 UP). This weakened muslims and along the XI century, the frontier went down to the river Tajo, once the Christians conquered the visigothic capital, Toledo.
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
The taifa kings called northern African almoravids to their aid. They controlled Al Andalus from Africa and they couldn’t avoid losing the river Ebro frontier. TEXT 34 UP.
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
Almohads were religious fanatics and this time the political centre was local, Sevilla (IMG 34 DOWN).
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
Almohads reacted strongly and got to occupy Baleares, but Christians united under the spirit of Crusade (Jerusalem had just been lost to muslims), defeated almohads in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). There was a third cycle of Taifa kingdoms, but muslim spirit was broken and in the following years Christians made almost decisive conquests (Sevilla, Cordoba, Murcia).
Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
16. The kingdom of Granada, founded in the first half of the XIII century by the Nasr family.
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
Costly army, strong political centralization and internal noble strife, large population.The caliphate could start aggressive wars and its large population hadn’t migrated from other conquered muslim zones.
Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
It means it was a province of the muslim empire, the Caliphate, first Ummayad in Damascus, then Abbasid in Bagdad. They depended on their regional capital, which was in Kairawan, northern Africa, and ultimately on the caliph, the spiritual and temporal muslim chief (TEXT 31 DOWN).
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
Until then, dependence was political and religious, but the Ummayad dynasty was almost exterminated and substituted by the Abbasids in the Caliphate, changing the capital to Bagdad. The last Ummayad became emir of Al Andalus, dependent only in matters spiritual (Abderraman I).
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
Weakening of central control (unrest in the frontier marks, powerful nobles, development of petty Christian kingdoms), and rebellions in the two mixed social groups (mozarabes, local folk who had remained Christians, and muladies when they had converted). The revolts of the arrabal or suburb in Cordoba (818) and the muladi Ben Hafsun in Bobastro, stand out.
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
He broke his relations with the caliph in Bagdad, thus becoming absolute ruler, in matters spiritual and also temporal.
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
He centralized rule and broke the importance of muslim tribes by creating a mercenary army and a new aristocracy loyal only to him.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
Expansion in northern Africa and relations with the eastern roman empire, Byzantium. Also,the building of the Codoba mosque and the palace of Medina Azahra.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
He became the scourge of the Christians around the much feared 1000 AD (sacking of Santiago and Barcelona), dominating the army and administration, taking advantage of the caliph´s weakness.
TAIFAS.
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
The cost of the army, the need for constant victories to balance the racial division among muslims (berbers, arabs, slavs).
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
One of his sons declared himself caliph. The disagreement of Berbers and Slavis brought Christians into the fight.
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
With petty taifa kingdoms (CONCEPT 33 UP, MAP 34 UP), created around a city.
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
Muslim racial division could be seen on their distribution: slavs (Mediterranean), berbers (andalucia), arabs (andalucia, center and aragon).
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
Because of the payment of parias to Christians (CONCEPT 33 UP). This weakened muslims and along the XI century, the frontier went down to the river Tajo, once the Christians conquered the visigothic capital, Toledo.
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
The taifa kings called northern African almoravids to their aid. They controlled Al Andalus from Africa and they couldn’t avoid losing the river Ebro frontier. TEXT 34 UP.
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
Almohads were religious fanatics and this time the political centre was local, Sevilla (IMG 34 DOWN).
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
Almohads reacted strongly and got to occupy Baleares, but Christians united under the spirit of Crusade (Jerusalem had just been lost to muslims), defeated almohads in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). There was a third cycle of Taifa kingdoms, but muslim spirit was broken and in the following years Christians made almost decisive conquests (Sevilla, Cordoba, Murcia).
Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
16. The kingdom of Granada, founded in the first half of the XIII century by the Nasr family.
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
Costly army, strong political centralization and internal noble strife, large population.The caliphate could start aggressive wars and its large population hadn’t migrated from other conquered muslim zones.
miércoles, 29 de septiembre de 2010
5º SESSION QUESTIONS: General evolution in Al Andalus
CONTENTS: PP. 31 TO 35
1. Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
16. Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
1. Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
16. Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
martes, 28 de septiembre de 2010
4º SESSION. QUETIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Who were the Visigoths?
Concept p. 22
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
Romans made a treaty with them to help “cleaning” Spain of other barbarians.
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
Suevians. Galicia. SEE MAP IN P. 22 DWN.
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
They were defeated in 507 AD by other barbarians, the Franks.
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
Byzantium, Franks, Suevians and northern tribes (astures, vascones…).
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
It was elective but ended up being hereditary.
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
King Recared gave up Christian arianism and became a roman catholic, like almost every Spanish roman, acquiring thus the support of the church. IMAGE 23 UP).
8. And what about law?
Leovigild (IMAGE 22 CTER), authorized mixed marriages in the last quarter of the VI century AD, and a century after that, Recesvinth promulgated the Liber Iudiciorum (in Spanish Fuero Juzgo), which was to be the common law for Spanish romans and goths, and the base for law in medieval christian kingdoms (TEXT 23 CTER).
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
The church: the clergy was present in the Aula Regia, and the Toledo church councils (concept p. 22), were lead by the king and they issued laws and decrees.
10. Name the internal political factor that made muslim conquest of Spain surprisingly easy in 711 AD.
Conflict about the succession.
11. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
Further ruralization, foreign control in trade, collapse in transport and communications, creation of a landed aristocracy which weakened the monarchy.
12. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
Latin as the cultivated language and the importance of monasteries for the preservation of culture. St Isidore.
13. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
Architecture and metal work. SEE IMG 23 DWN.
14. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
The Horseshoe arch.
15. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
Open answer. I would talk about more trade in south and eastern byzantine zones (they contained the main roman sea ports).
2. AL- ANDALUS:
Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
Political visigothic weakness because of a troubled succession and their racism towards jews, which ultimately threw these in the arms of the invaders.
What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
Open war (Tarik defeated the last visigothic king, Roderick, and Musa continued the campaigns), and diplomacy with visigothic nobles (Tudmir in the Low Segura, in 713). SEE IMAGE 30 UP AND TEXT 31 UP.
Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
War in the north and southern France was tougher, and ultimately Carolingian franks under Charles Martel utterly defeated and disbanded the muslim army. Northwestern muslim expansion had drawn to its end. SEE MAP P. 30-
What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
Create the Spanish Mark in what is now Catalonia, taking advantage of hostile geographical surroundings.
How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
Berber peasants could not get used to the climate there.
20. Which racial factor is relevant in the history of Al Andalus??
The discrimination of berbers by arabs, who took the more fertile land.
Concept p. 22
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
Romans made a treaty with them to help “cleaning” Spain of other barbarians.
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
Suevians. Galicia. SEE MAP IN P. 22 DWN.
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
They were defeated in 507 AD by other barbarians, the Franks.
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
Byzantium, Franks, Suevians and northern tribes (astures, vascones…).
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
It was elective but ended up being hereditary.
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
King Recared gave up Christian arianism and became a roman catholic, like almost every Spanish roman, acquiring thus the support of the church. IMAGE 23 UP).
8. And what about law?
Leovigild (IMAGE 22 CTER), authorized mixed marriages in the last quarter of the VI century AD, and a century after that, Recesvinth promulgated the Liber Iudiciorum (in Spanish Fuero Juzgo), which was to be the common law for Spanish romans and goths, and the base for law in medieval christian kingdoms (TEXT 23 CTER).
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
The church: the clergy was present in the Aula Regia, and the Toledo church councils (concept p. 22), were lead by the king and they issued laws and decrees.
10. Name the internal political factor that made muslim conquest of Spain surprisingly easy in 711 AD.
Conflict about the succession.
11. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
Further ruralization, foreign control in trade, collapse in transport and communications, creation of a landed aristocracy which weakened the monarchy.
12. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
Latin as the cultivated language and the importance of monasteries for the preservation of culture. St Isidore.
13. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
Architecture and metal work. SEE IMG 23 DWN.
14. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
The Horseshoe arch.
15. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
Open answer. I would talk about more trade in south and eastern byzantine zones (they contained the main roman sea ports).
2. AL- ANDALUS:
Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
Political visigothic weakness because of a troubled succession and their racism towards jews, which ultimately threw these in the arms of the invaders.
What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
Open war (Tarik defeated the last visigothic king, Roderick, and Musa continued the campaigns), and diplomacy with visigothic nobles (Tudmir in the Low Segura, in 713). SEE IMAGE 30 UP AND TEXT 31 UP.
Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
War in the north and southern France was tougher, and ultimately Carolingian franks under Charles Martel utterly defeated and disbanded the muslim army. Northwestern muslim expansion had drawn to its end. SEE MAP P. 30-
What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
Create the Spanish Mark in what is now Catalonia, taking advantage of hostile geographical surroundings.
How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
Berber peasants could not get used to the climate there.
20. Which racial factor is relevant in the history of Al Andalus??
The discrimination of berbers by arabs, who took the more fertile land.
sábado, 25 de septiembre de 2010
HISTORY. 4th session: Visigoths. The muslim conquest.
Contents: pages 22-23 and 30.
1. Who were the Visigoths?
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
8. And what about law?
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
10. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
11. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
12. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
13. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
14. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
15. Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
16. What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
17. Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
18. What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
19. How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
20. Which racial factor is relevant to the history of Al Andalus?
1. Who were the Visigoths?
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
8. And what about law?
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
10. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
11. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
12. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
13. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
14. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
15. Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
16. What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
17. Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
18. What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
19. How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
20. Which racial factor is relevant to the history of Al Andalus?
viernes, 24 de septiembre de 2010
3º SESSION. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
I HAVE ADDED A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS WHICH SHOULD PROVIDE MORE VOCABULARY.
1. Romanization was progressive, we have just said. How long did roman conquest take and how did it begun? SEE MAP P. 17 UP.
200 years. During the second Punic War. Around the end of the III b. C, Carthage saw the peninsula as the base for the land conquest of Rome, and so they colonized it. Rome saw the storming and conquest of Sagunto as a threat and so sent troops and defeated Carthage.
2. The second phase of the conquest took place in the first two thirds of the II b.C. What territory was taken? Was it easy for the romans? Name some indigenous leaders or cities.
The Central Plateau and the Balearic Islands. No. Viriato, Numancia (IMG 16 DWN).
3. Rome had its first emperor when the conquest finished, to the end of the I b.C. Where?
In the north, just like happened with the arabs, 7 centuries after.
4. What was the evolution of the roman provinces?
2 (early II b.C.), 3 (late I b.C.), 5 (late III AD), and 6 (IV AD). MAP 17 UP.
5. Can You guess which cities are today these roman provincial capitals?
Tarragona, Sevilla, Mérida, Cartagena, Braga.
6. What two origins did roman cities in Spain have?
Renovation of old cities or new army´s or administration´s foundations.
7. Which foundations were particularly roman? Name an example.
Army foundations, like León, but also Lyon in France. SEE IMG 18 UP.
8. What two parts had a roman city?
City itself and the rural surroundings.
9. Were communications efficient? Which were the main roman ways?
Yes. Augusta (A-7), De la Plata in the west and Transversal. Remember this design is far better than XIX century railroads, whose inefficiency we still suffer.
10. Describe the process by which Spanish roman cities were integrated in the empire, that is, they were Romanized.
In the beginning, those who had opposed Rome had less rights, towards the end of the I AD every one of them enjoyed the latin law and at the beginning of the III, all Spaniards became roman citizens.
11. What proves total integration of Spain in the roman world during the first century BC? Remember that roman Hispania included the current states of Spain and Portugal.
That it had roman economic structures: latifundium or great land estates, private land property, slave work, city as a distributor of output and currency.
12. Why did economy grow during roman times?
Rationalizing the running of agriculture, mining and farming. Also, by inserting Spain in the great Mediterranean trade routes. And of course, by technical innovation (irrigation, leaving fallow land, using draught animals).
13. Why did land property start to be unfairly distributed?
Because large pieces of the state land, or ager publicus, were made private by the senatorial or upper class (Possesores).
14. Did this happen only with the land?
No, pretty much the same with the famous and rich Spanish mines.
15. Name products which were then typical from our peninsula.
Cereals, Vine, Olive, fruits and vegetables, Salt and Salted fish or meat, many metals (like centuries before), Weapons, textiles like linen…
16. Apart from distributing output, why were Spanish cities also economically relevant?
17. Because of corporations or guilds created by craftsmen.
18. Where were the main Spanish sea ports during roman times?
Mediterranean and south atlantic coast.
19. How was roman society basically divided? How was this system organized?
Being slave or not. War prisoners and an important trade. TXT 19 DWN.
20. Was slavery important to roman economy? Why?
Yes. They provided labor in almost every activity.
21. Could any rich man in the roman empire be a part of the ruling minority?
No, usually one should have senatorial origins.
22. The cultural process known as Romanization meant total assumption of 5 features. Name them.
Language, Law, Religion, Ideology and social and economic structure.
23. What is the historical relevancy of roman language and law?
One is the base for the romance languages and the other for western law.
24. Is there any significant religious Spanish contribution? CONCEPT P. 20 UP.
The Christian heresy of Priscillianism (church should be poor, women let into the cult…)
25. Which was the main feature in roman architecture and urbanism in Spain?
Pragmatism. SEE IMAGE 20 DOWN and P. 6.
26. What was the historical significance of the two first centuries AD in Europe? Politically, did Spain contribute?
Pax Romana, stability everywhere. Yes. The Antoninian dynasty, see CHART P. 20.
27. Difficulties started with two economic problems, which had their causes. Explain them.
The end of conquests and the granting of roman citizenship to all inhabitants in the Empire led to decreasing tax income and progressive rise in the cost of slaves.
28. How did all this led to later medieval Feudalism?
Slaves were substituted for colonists in the country estates. Because of increasing insecurity, this colonists put themselves under the protection of a rich and more powerful man, thus becoming some sort of serf. Furthermore, urban craftsmanship decayed. Both processes led to the ruralization of the empire.
29. What historical moment marks political rise for Christians in the roman empire? Why is there also rise in their wealth? *
390 Milan Edict gave them freedom, and by the end of next century Christianity was the only religion allowed for romans. They became richer because of donations to the Church.
30. Why did central political control decay?
Because of barbarian invasions. TEXT P. 21 DOWN. MAP IDEM.
31. From when did all this affect roman Spain? When did the decaying process end? IMG 21
Around 260 AD (last third of the III century AD). 476 AD (in the western half).
1. Romanization was progressive, we have just said. How long did roman conquest take and how did it begun? SEE MAP P. 17 UP.
200 years. During the second Punic War. Around the end of the III b. C, Carthage saw the peninsula as the base for the land conquest of Rome, and so they colonized it. Rome saw the storming and conquest of Sagunto as a threat and so sent troops and defeated Carthage.
2. The second phase of the conquest took place in the first two thirds of the II b.C. What territory was taken? Was it easy for the romans? Name some indigenous leaders or cities.
The Central Plateau and the Balearic Islands. No. Viriato, Numancia (IMG 16 DWN).
3. Rome had its first emperor when the conquest finished, to the end of the I b.C. Where?
In the north, just like happened with the arabs, 7 centuries after.
4. What was the evolution of the roman provinces?
2 (early II b.C.), 3 (late I b.C.), 5 (late III AD), and 6 (IV AD). MAP 17 UP.
5. Can You guess which cities are today these roman provincial capitals?
Tarragona, Sevilla, Mérida, Cartagena, Braga.
6. What two origins did roman cities in Spain have?
Renovation of old cities or new army´s or administration´s foundations.
7. Which foundations were particularly roman? Name an example.
Army foundations, like León, but also Lyon in France. SEE IMG 18 UP.
8. What two parts had a roman city?
City itself and the rural surroundings.
9. Were communications efficient? Which were the main roman ways?
Yes. Augusta (A-7), De la Plata in the west and Transversal. Remember this design is far better than XIX century railroads, whose inefficiency we still suffer.
10. Describe the process by which Spanish roman cities were integrated in the empire, that is, they were Romanized.
In the beginning, those who had opposed Rome had less rights, towards the end of the I AD every one of them enjoyed the latin law and at the beginning of the III, all Spaniards became roman citizens.
11. What proves total integration of Spain in the roman world during the first century BC? Remember that roman Hispania included the current states of Spain and Portugal.
That it had roman economic structures: latifundium or great land estates, private land property, slave work, city as a distributor of output and currency.
12. Why did economy grow during roman times?
Rationalizing the running of agriculture, mining and farming. Also, by inserting Spain in the great Mediterranean trade routes. And of course, by technical innovation (irrigation, leaving fallow land, using draught animals).
13. Why did land property start to be unfairly distributed?
Because large pieces of the state land, or ager publicus, were made private by the senatorial or upper class (Possesores).
14. Did this happen only with the land?
No, pretty much the same with the famous and rich Spanish mines.
15. Name products which were then typical from our peninsula.
Cereals, Vine, Olive, fruits and vegetables, Salt and Salted fish or meat, many metals (like centuries before), Weapons, textiles like linen…
16. Apart from distributing output, why were Spanish cities also economically relevant?
17. Because of corporations or guilds created by craftsmen.
18. Where were the main Spanish sea ports during roman times?
Mediterranean and south atlantic coast.
19. How was roman society basically divided? How was this system organized?
Being slave or not. War prisoners and an important trade. TXT 19 DWN.
20. Was slavery important to roman economy? Why?
Yes. They provided labor in almost every activity.
21. Could any rich man in the roman empire be a part of the ruling minority?
No, usually one should have senatorial origins.
22. The cultural process known as Romanization meant total assumption of 5 features. Name them.
Language, Law, Religion, Ideology and social and economic structure.
23. What is the historical relevancy of roman language and law?
One is the base for the romance languages and the other for western law.
24. Is there any significant religious Spanish contribution? CONCEPT P. 20 UP.
The Christian heresy of Priscillianism (church should be poor, women let into the cult…)
25. Which was the main feature in roman architecture and urbanism in Spain?
Pragmatism. SEE IMAGE 20 DOWN and P. 6.
26. What was the historical significance of the two first centuries AD in Europe? Politically, did Spain contribute?
Pax Romana, stability everywhere. Yes. The Antoninian dynasty, see CHART P. 20.
27. Difficulties started with two economic problems, which had their causes. Explain them.
The end of conquests and the granting of roman citizenship to all inhabitants in the Empire led to decreasing tax income and progressive rise in the cost of slaves.
28. How did all this led to later medieval Feudalism?
Slaves were substituted for colonists in the country estates. Because of increasing insecurity, this colonists put themselves under the protection of a rich and more powerful man, thus becoming some sort of serf. Furthermore, urban craftsmanship decayed. Both processes led to the ruralization of the empire.
29. What historical moment marks political rise for Christians in the roman empire? Why is there also rise in their wealth? *
390 Milan Edict gave them freedom, and by the end of next century Christianity was the only religion allowed for romans. They became richer because of donations to the Church.
30. Why did central political control decay?
Because of barbarian invasions. TEXT P. 21 DOWN. MAP IDEM.
31. From when did all this affect roman Spain? When did the decaying process end? IMG 21
Around 260 AD (last third of the III century AD). 476 AD (in the western half).
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