HISTORY 2nd SESSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

BY THE WAY, TOMORROW´S CONTENTS GO BETWEEN PAGE 16 AND 21 .

FOR A GENERAL VIEW ON COLONISATIONS, SEE MAP P. 13 AND CHART.
1. What stands out in our knowledge of our peninsula around the year 1000 b.C.?
The existence of written records.
2. Trade led to civilization in western mediterranean and the atlantic coast. Which product? From where and where to ?
Tin, among other metals, abundant in our peninsula. From what is now England to the near East.

3. Culturally, what did all this trade bring about in the last millennium BC? Which three Mediterranean peoples were involved?
Colonization. Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians.

4. Where did indo-europeans establish themselves? From the material and spiritual point of view, what can be noted about them?
From north east to north west. They used iron and had an agropecuary economy. As funeral practice, instead of inhumating bodies, they incinerated them and put the remains in urns (URNENFELDER, is this called, in german).

5. Metals brought Phoenicians (TEXT P. 12 CENTER) to southern Spain. Which was their main colony?
Gadir (Cádiz). SEE IMAGE P. 12 DOWN (colony in Guardamar).

6. What is the most important Phoenician innovation? *
Alphabet.

7. How did the fact that Phoenicia was a Thalassocracy influence northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula? *
It founded the important colony of Carthage, which became the peninsula´s colonizer.

8. Indigenous peoples were far more developed in the south and east. Which culture stands out? Why is it still one of our history´s enigmas?
Tartessos. Because there are no urban remains, only treasures. TXT 13 UP.

9. Which cultures did Carthage fight, in the peninsula and out of it, and with what consequences? *
In the peninsula it contributed to the end of Tartessos by hindering its trade in Gibraltar. In and out of the peninsula, they fought the Greeks and as a result, they had to share the territory. Finally, they fought Rome, and they were destroyed as it outcome (Punic Wars).

10. When did Greeks arrive? Which is its most known colony and how did they influence indigenous peoples?
VIII b.C. Emporion (IMAGE P. 12 UP, TXT P. 13 CENTER). Developed urbanism.

11. Before Rome, the most developed peoples appear to the south and east of the peninsula. Which are they and why are they that advanced? *
Tartessos and Iberians. Because of Phoenician and Greek influence.

12. Which people developed out of the colonizer´s influence? Can you guess its inmediate reference?
Celts. Indo-europeans. In fact, celts lived in castros up north.

13. Name two features of the iberians´habitat.
Walled villages near trade routes with regular urbanistic trade. Sort of fragile building techniques.

14. We don’t know much about Iberians. Deciphering their alphabet would help, but we do know trade civilized them and that they were politheists.

15. Which among their economic activities got to be important for their future trade with Rome? Clue: Falcatas…… Metallurgy. TEXT P. 14 DOWN.

16. How did near east influence Iberian art? And Greece?
Decorativism. Frontalism (archaic greek art). IMAGE P. 14 UP.
17. Which is the most widely known iberian artistic activity? How did it develop that greatly?
Pottery. By the diffusion of the potter´s wheel.

18. Differ Iberian cities from celt castros. IMAGE P. 15 DOWN.
Celts did not have any urban plan. Building and walling are similar.
19. How did economy differ for Iberians and celts?
No trade for Celts, who also still depended on hunting and fishing activities. Furthermore, there still were nomad herdsmen.

20. Metals also brought trade to celt regions, but there are differences with the south and east. Name them.
Trade was by swap and many of the metallurgical output was for self use. IMAGE 15 CTER.

21. Let us compare celts and Iberians on terms of social organization.
Celts did not know script. They weren’t organized in tribes, but in gens.

22. Compare the chronologies of Roman Spain and Muslim Spain.
8 centuries, with a more complete control in the first case, which also was progressive.