CONTENTS: PP. 31 TO 35
Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
It means it was a province of the muslim empire, the Caliphate, first Ummayad in Damascus, then Abbasid in Bagdad. They depended on their regional capital, which was in Kairawan, northern Africa, and ultimately on the caliph, the spiritual and temporal muslim chief (TEXT 31 DOWN).
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
Until then, dependence was political and religious, but the Ummayad dynasty was almost exterminated and substituted by the Abbasids in the Caliphate, changing the capital to Bagdad. The last Ummayad became emir of Al Andalus, dependent only in matters spiritual (Abderraman I).
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
Weakening of central control (unrest in the frontier marks, powerful nobles, development of petty Christian kingdoms), and rebellions in the two mixed social groups (mozarabes, local folk who had remained Christians, and muladies when they had converted). The revolts of the arrabal or suburb in Cordoba (818) and the muladi Ben Hafsun in Bobastro, stand out.
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
He broke his relations with the caliph in Bagdad, thus becoming absolute ruler, in matters spiritual and also temporal.
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
He centralized rule and broke the importance of muslim tribes by creating a mercenary army and a new aristocracy loyal only to him.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
Expansion in northern Africa and relations with the eastern roman empire, Byzantium. Also,the building of the Codoba mosque and the palace of Medina Azahra.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
He became the scourge of the Christians around the much feared 1000 AD (sacking of Santiago and Barcelona), dominating the army and administration, taking advantage of the caliph´s weakness.
TAIFAS.
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
The cost of the army, the need for constant victories to balance the racial division among muslims (berbers, arabs, slavs).
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
One of his sons declared himself caliph. The disagreement of Berbers and Slavis brought Christians into the fight.
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
With petty taifa kingdoms (CONCEPT 33 UP, MAP 34 UP), created around a city.
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
Muslim racial division could be seen on their distribution: slavs (Mediterranean), berbers (andalucia), arabs (andalucia, center and aragon).
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
Because of the payment of parias to Christians (CONCEPT 33 UP). This weakened muslims and along the XI century, the frontier went down to the river Tajo, once the Christians conquered the visigothic capital, Toledo.
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
The taifa kings called northern African almoravids to their aid. They controlled Al Andalus from Africa and they couldn’t avoid losing the river Ebro frontier. TEXT 34 UP.
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
Almohads were religious fanatics and this time the political centre was local, Sevilla (IMG 34 DOWN).
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
Almohads reacted strongly and got to occupy Baleares, but Christians united under the spirit of Crusade (Jerusalem had just been lost to muslims), defeated almohads in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). There was a third cycle of Taifa kingdoms, but muslim spirit was broken and in the following years Christians made almost decisive conquests (Sevilla, Cordoba, Murcia).
Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
16. The kingdom of Granada, founded in the first half of the XIII century by the Nasr family.
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
Costly army, strong political centralization and internal noble strife, large population.The caliphate could start aggressive wars and its large population hadn’t migrated from other conquered muslim zones.
jueves, 30 de septiembre de 2010
miércoles, 29 de septiembre de 2010
5º SESSION QUESTIONS: General evolution in Al Andalus
CONTENTS: PP. 31 TO 35
1. Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
16. Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
1. Until 929, Al Andalus, muslim Spain, was an emirate. What does that mean?
2. Why did the emirate become independent in 756?
3. How was it that by the beginning of the X century the emir only controlled Cordoba?
4. What was the meaning of the assumption in 929 by Abderraman III of the title of Caliph, thus starting the most brilliant period in andalusian history?
5. State the reasons why the new western caliph had such huge success.
6. Name features showing the greatness of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
7. What is the historical significance of Al Mansur?
8. Name some factors by which Al Mansur´s policies had grown to be a problem in the caliphate.
9. What was the ultimate and very negative consequence of Al Mansur´s personalism?
10. During the first third of the X century, he caliphate disintegrated. How was it replaced?
11. Was racial structure visible on these taifa Kingdoms?
12. This division didn’t mean cultural breakdown (IMAGE 33 DWN), but it did imply economic and military loss, why?
13. This weakening led to a new unification of Al Andalus. How and with what consequences?
14. Once the almoravids decayed, there were new Taifas and through the same process, there was a second invasion and unification. Who came? Distinguish them from the almoravids.
15. The fight between Christians and almohads was really to the death. Summarize it and its consequences.
16. Which was, then, the last Taifa? MAP P. 35 DOWN, TXT 35 DOWN
17. Compare this kingdom with the caliphate of Cordoba.
martes, 28 de septiembre de 2010
4º SESSION. QUETIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Who were the Visigoths?
Concept p. 22
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
Romans made a treaty with them to help “cleaning” Spain of other barbarians.
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
Suevians. Galicia. SEE MAP IN P. 22 DWN.
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
They were defeated in 507 AD by other barbarians, the Franks.
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
Byzantium, Franks, Suevians and northern tribes (astures, vascones…).
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
It was elective but ended up being hereditary.
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
King Recared gave up Christian arianism and became a roman catholic, like almost every Spanish roman, acquiring thus the support of the church. IMAGE 23 UP).
8. And what about law?
Leovigild (IMAGE 22 CTER), authorized mixed marriages in the last quarter of the VI century AD, and a century after that, Recesvinth promulgated the Liber Iudiciorum (in Spanish Fuero Juzgo), which was to be the common law for Spanish romans and goths, and the base for law in medieval christian kingdoms (TEXT 23 CTER).
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
The church: the clergy was present in the Aula Regia, and the Toledo church councils (concept p. 22), were lead by the king and they issued laws and decrees.
10. Name the internal political factor that made muslim conquest of Spain surprisingly easy in 711 AD.
Conflict about the succession.
11. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
Further ruralization, foreign control in trade, collapse in transport and communications, creation of a landed aristocracy which weakened the monarchy.
12. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
Latin as the cultivated language and the importance of monasteries for the preservation of culture. St Isidore.
13. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
Architecture and metal work. SEE IMG 23 DWN.
14. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
The Horseshoe arch.
15. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
Open answer. I would talk about more trade in south and eastern byzantine zones (they contained the main roman sea ports).
2. AL- ANDALUS:
Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
Political visigothic weakness because of a troubled succession and their racism towards jews, which ultimately threw these in the arms of the invaders.
What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
Open war (Tarik defeated the last visigothic king, Roderick, and Musa continued the campaigns), and diplomacy with visigothic nobles (Tudmir in the Low Segura, in 713). SEE IMAGE 30 UP AND TEXT 31 UP.
Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
War in the north and southern France was tougher, and ultimately Carolingian franks under Charles Martel utterly defeated and disbanded the muslim army. Northwestern muslim expansion had drawn to its end. SEE MAP P. 30-
What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
Create the Spanish Mark in what is now Catalonia, taking advantage of hostile geographical surroundings.
How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
Berber peasants could not get used to the climate there.
20. Which racial factor is relevant in the history of Al Andalus??
The discrimination of berbers by arabs, who took the more fertile land.
Concept p. 22
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
Romans made a treaty with them to help “cleaning” Spain of other barbarians.
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
Suevians. Galicia. SEE MAP IN P. 22 DWN.
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
They were defeated in 507 AD by other barbarians, the Franks.
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
Byzantium, Franks, Suevians and northern tribes (astures, vascones…).
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
It was elective but ended up being hereditary.
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
King Recared gave up Christian arianism and became a roman catholic, like almost every Spanish roman, acquiring thus the support of the church. IMAGE 23 UP).
8. And what about law?
Leovigild (IMAGE 22 CTER), authorized mixed marriages in the last quarter of the VI century AD, and a century after that, Recesvinth promulgated the Liber Iudiciorum (in Spanish Fuero Juzgo), which was to be the common law for Spanish romans and goths, and the base for law in medieval christian kingdoms (TEXT 23 CTER).
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
The church: the clergy was present in the Aula Regia, and the Toledo church councils (concept p. 22), were lead by the king and they issued laws and decrees.
10. Name the internal political factor that made muslim conquest of Spain surprisingly easy in 711 AD.
Conflict about the succession.
11. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
Further ruralization, foreign control in trade, collapse in transport and communications, creation of a landed aristocracy which weakened the monarchy.
12. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
Latin as the cultivated language and the importance of monasteries for the preservation of culture. St Isidore.
13. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
Architecture and metal work. SEE IMG 23 DWN.
14. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
The Horseshoe arch.
15. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
Open answer. I would talk about more trade in south and eastern byzantine zones (they contained the main roman sea ports).
2. AL- ANDALUS:
Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
Political visigothic weakness because of a troubled succession and their racism towards jews, which ultimately threw these in the arms of the invaders.
What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
Open war (Tarik defeated the last visigothic king, Roderick, and Musa continued the campaigns), and diplomacy with visigothic nobles (Tudmir in the Low Segura, in 713). SEE IMAGE 30 UP AND TEXT 31 UP.
Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
War in the north and southern France was tougher, and ultimately Carolingian franks under Charles Martel utterly defeated and disbanded the muslim army. Northwestern muslim expansion had drawn to its end. SEE MAP P. 30-
What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
Create the Spanish Mark in what is now Catalonia, taking advantage of hostile geographical surroundings.
How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
Berber peasants could not get used to the climate there.
20. Which racial factor is relevant in the history of Al Andalus??
The discrimination of berbers by arabs, who took the more fertile land.
sábado, 25 de septiembre de 2010
HISTORY. 4th session: Visigoths. The muslim conquest.
Contents: pages 22-23 and 30.
1. Who were the Visigoths?
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
8. And what about law?
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
10. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
11. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
12. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
13. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
14. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
15. Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
16. What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
17. Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
18. What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
19. How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
20. Which racial factor is relevant to the history of Al Andalus?
1. Who were the Visigoths?
2. How was it that they ended in Spain in the second half of the V century AD?
3. There was, nonetheless, a barbarian group which could not be expelled. Which and where?
4. Visigoths dominated half of what is now France, why and when were they confined to Spain, with their capital city in Toledo?
5. The kingdom of Toledo achieved its territorial unification through the defeat of 4 foes. Name them:
6. What was the relevant factor which made the monarchy stronger?
7. Unification also affected religion. How? Remember goths were already christians.
8. And what about law?
9. Kings and nobles ruled. Who else? Clue: note this was the beginning of a very long and complicated relationship.
10. Name social and economic consequences of the decadence of Rome and the arrival of the Goths.
11. Rome and Christianity were the main references of visigothic culture. Name examples.
12. For which two arts were Visigoths specially gifted?
13. Which architectural innovation did they pass on to muslim Spain?
14. Can you guess an economic difference between byzantine and visigothic territories in Spain? *
15. Why was it so easy for muslims to conquer Spain at the beginning of the VIII century AD?*
16. What was the muslim dual strategy? Name examples.
17. Why does the book talk about a second phase in the conquest between 716 and 732?
18. What defensive measure did Carolingians take to prevent further muslim invasions?
19. How did the river Duero get to be a no man´s land and the frontier between muslims and Christians?
20. Which racial factor is relevant to the history of Al Andalus?
viernes, 24 de septiembre de 2010
3º SESSION. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
I HAVE ADDED A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS WHICH SHOULD PROVIDE MORE VOCABULARY.
1. Romanization was progressive, we have just said. How long did roman conquest take and how did it begun? SEE MAP P. 17 UP.
200 years. During the second Punic War. Around the end of the III b. C, Carthage saw the peninsula as the base for the land conquest of Rome, and so they colonized it. Rome saw the storming and conquest of Sagunto as a threat and so sent troops and defeated Carthage.
2. The second phase of the conquest took place in the first two thirds of the II b.C. What territory was taken? Was it easy for the romans? Name some indigenous leaders or cities.
The Central Plateau and the Balearic Islands. No. Viriato, Numancia (IMG 16 DWN).
3. Rome had its first emperor when the conquest finished, to the end of the I b.C. Where?
In the north, just like happened with the arabs, 7 centuries after.
4. What was the evolution of the roman provinces?
2 (early II b.C.), 3 (late I b.C.), 5 (late III AD), and 6 (IV AD). MAP 17 UP.
5. Can You guess which cities are today these roman provincial capitals?
Tarragona, Sevilla, Mérida, Cartagena, Braga.
6. What two origins did roman cities in Spain have?
Renovation of old cities or new army´s or administration´s foundations.
7. Which foundations were particularly roman? Name an example.
Army foundations, like León, but also Lyon in France. SEE IMG 18 UP.
8. What two parts had a roman city?
City itself and the rural surroundings.
9. Were communications efficient? Which were the main roman ways?
Yes. Augusta (A-7), De la Plata in the west and Transversal. Remember this design is far better than XIX century railroads, whose inefficiency we still suffer.
10. Describe the process by which Spanish roman cities were integrated in the empire, that is, they were Romanized.
In the beginning, those who had opposed Rome had less rights, towards the end of the I AD every one of them enjoyed the latin law and at the beginning of the III, all Spaniards became roman citizens.
11. What proves total integration of Spain in the roman world during the first century BC? Remember that roman Hispania included the current states of Spain and Portugal.
That it had roman economic structures: latifundium or great land estates, private land property, slave work, city as a distributor of output and currency.
12. Why did economy grow during roman times?
Rationalizing the running of agriculture, mining and farming. Also, by inserting Spain in the great Mediterranean trade routes. And of course, by technical innovation (irrigation, leaving fallow land, using draught animals).
13. Why did land property start to be unfairly distributed?
Because large pieces of the state land, or ager publicus, were made private by the senatorial or upper class (Possesores).
14. Did this happen only with the land?
No, pretty much the same with the famous and rich Spanish mines.
15. Name products which were then typical from our peninsula.
Cereals, Vine, Olive, fruits and vegetables, Salt and Salted fish or meat, many metals (like centuries before), Weapons, textiles like linen…
16. Apart from distributing output, why were Spanish cities also economically relevant?
17. Because of corporations or guilds created by craftsmen.
18. Where were the main Spanish sea ports during roman times?
Mediterranean and south atlantic coast.
19. How was roman society basically divided? How was this system organized?
Being slave or not. War prisoners and an important trade. TXT 19 DWN.
20. Was slavery important to roman economy? Why?
Yes. They provided labor in almost every activity.
21. Could any rich man in the roman empire be a part of the ruling minority?
No, usually one should have senatorial origins.
22. The cultural process known as Romanization meant total assumption of 5 features. Name them.
Language, Law, Religion, Ideology and social and economic structure.
23. What is the historical relevancy of roman language and law?
One is the base for the romance languages and the other for western law.
24. Is there any significant religious Spanish contribution? CONCEPT P. 20 UP.
The Christian heresy of Priscillianism (church should be poor, women let into the cult…)
25. Which was the main feature in roman architecture and urbanism in Spain?
Pragmatism. SEE IMAGE 20 DOWN and P. 6.
26. What was the historical significance of the two first centuries AD in Europe? Politically, did Spain contribute?
Pax Romana, stability everywhere. Yes. The Antoninian dynasty, see CHART P. 20.
27. Difficulties started with two economic problems, which had their causes. Explain them.
The end of conquests and the granting of roman citizenship to all inhabitants in the Empire led to decreasing tax income and progressive rise in the cost of slaves.
28. How did all this led to later medieval Feudalism?
Slaves were substituted for colonists in the country estates. Because of increasing insecurity, this colonists put themselves under the protection of a rich and more powerful man, thus becoming some sort of serf. Furthermore, urban craftsmanship decayed. Both processes led to the ruralization of the empire.
29. What historical moment marks political rise for Christians in the roman empire? Why is there also rise in their wealth? *
390 Milan Edict gave them freedom, and by the end of next century Christianity was the only religion allowed for romans. They became richer because of donations to the Church.
30. Why did central political control decay?
Because of barbarian invasions. TEXT P. 21 DOWN. MAP IDEM.
31. From when did all this affect roman Spain? When did the decaying process end? IMG 21
Around 260 AD (last third of the III century AD). 476 AD (in the western half).
1. Romanization was progressive, we have just said. How long did roman conquest take and how did it begun? SEE MAP P. 17 UP.
200 years. During the second Punic War. Around the end of the III b. C, Carthage saw the peninsula as the base for the land conquest of Rome, and so they colonized it. Rome saw the storming and conquest of Sagunto as a threat and so sent troops and defeated Carthage.
2. The second phase of the conquest took place in the first two thirds of the II b.C. What territory was taken? Was it easy for the romans? Name some indigenous leaders or cities.
The Central Plateau and the Balearic Islands. No. Viriato, Numancia (IMG 16 DWN).
3. Rome had its first emperor when the conquest finished, to the end of the I b.C. Where?
In the north, just like happened with the arabs, 7 centuries after.
4. What was the evolution of the roman provinces?
2 (early II b.C.), 3 (late I b.C.), 5 (late III AD), and 6 (IV AD). MAP 17 UP.
5. Can You guess which cities are today these roman provincial capitals?
Tarragona, Sevilla, Mérida, Cartagena, Braga.
6. What two origins did roman cities in Spain have?
Renovation of old cities or new army´s or administration´s foundations.
7. Which foundations were particularly roman? Name an example.
Army foundations, like León, but also Lyon in France. SEE IMG 18 UP.
8. What two parts had a roman city?
City itself and the rural surroundings.
9. Were communications efficient? Which were the main roman ways?
Yes. Augusta (A-7), De la Plata in the west and Transversal. Remember this design is far better than XIX century railroads, whose inefficiency we still suffer.
10. Describe the process by which Spanish roman cities were integrated in the empire, that is, they were Romanized.
In the beginning, those who had opposed Rome had less rights, towards the end of the I AD every one of them enjoyed the latin law and at the beginning of the III, all Spaniards became roman citizens.
11. What proves total integration of Spain in the roman world during the first century BC? Remember that roman Hispania included the current states of Spain and Portugal.
That it had roman economic structures: latifundium or great land estates, private land property, slave work, city as a distributor of output and currency.
12. Why did economy grow during roman times?
Rationalizing the running of agriculture, mining and farming. Also, by inserting Spain in the great Mediterranean trade routes. And of course, by technical innovation (irrigation, leaving fallow land, using draught animals).
13. Why did land property start to be unfairly distributed?
Because large pieces of the state land, or ager publicus, were made private by the senatorial or upper class (Possesores).
14. Did this happen only with the land?
No, pretty much the same with the famous and rich Spanish mines.
15. Name products which were then typical from our peninsula.
Cereals, Vine, Olive, fruits and vegetables, Salt and Salted fish or meat, many metals (like centuries before), Weapons, textiles like linen…
16. Apart from distributing output, why were Spanish cities also economically relevant?
17. Because of corporations or guilds created by craftsmen.
18. Where were the main Spanish sea ports during roman times?
Mediterranean and south atlantic coast.
19. How was roman society basically divided? How was this system organized?
Being slave or not. War prisoners and an important trade. TXT 19 DWN.
20. Was slavery important to roman economy? Why?
Yes. They provided labor in almost every activity.
21. Could any rich man in the roman empire be a part of the ruling minority?
No, usually one should have senatorial origins.
22. The cultural process known as Romanization meant total assumption of 5 features. Name them.
Language, Law, Religion, Ideology and social and economic structure.
23. What is the historical relevancy of roman language and law?
One is the base for the romance languages and the other for western law.
24. Is there any significant religious Spanish contribution? CONCEPT P. 20 UP.
The Christian heresy of Priscillianism (church should be poor, women let into the cult…)
25. Which was the main feature in roman architecture and urbanism in Spain?
Pragmatism. SEE IMAGE 20 DOWN and P. 6.
26. What was the historical significance of the two first centuries AD in Europe? Politically, did Spain contribute?
Pax Romana, stability everywhere. Yes. The Antoninian dynasty, see CHART P. 20.
27. Difficulties started with two economic problems, which had their causes. Explain them.
The end of conquests and the granting of roman citizenship to all inhabitants in the Empire led to decreasing tax income and progressive rise in the cost of slaves.
28. How did all this led to later medieval Feudalism?
Slaves were substituted for colonists in the country estates. Because of increasing insecurity, this colonists put themselves under the protection of a rich and more powerful man, thus becoming some sort of serf. Furthermore, urban craftsmanship decayed. Both processes led to the ruralization of the empire.
29. What historical moment marks political rise for Christians in the roman empire? Why is there also rise in their wealth? *
390 Milan Edict gave them freedom, and by the end of next century Christianity was the only religion allowed for romans. They became richer because of donations to the Church.
30. Why did central political control decay?
Because of barbarian invasions. TEXT P. 21 DOWN. MAP IDEM.
31. From when did all this affect roman Spain? When did the decaying process end? IMG 21
Around 260 AD (last third of the III century AD). 476 AD (in the western half).
jueves, 23 de septiembre de 2010
HISTORY 2nd SESSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
BY THE WAY, TOMORROW´S CONTENTS GO BETWEEN PAGE 16 AND 21 .
FOR A GENERAL VIEW ON COLONISATIONS, SEE MAP P. 13 AND CHART.
1. What stands out in our knowledge of our peninsula around the year 1000 b.C.?
The existence of written records.
2. Trade led to civilization in western mediterranean and the atlantic coast. Which product? From where and where to ?
Tin, among other metals, abundant in our peninsula. From what is now England to the near East.
3. Culturally, what did all this trade bring about in the last millennium BC? Which three Mediterranean peoples were involved?
Colonization. Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians.
4. Where did indo-europeans establish themselves? From the material and spiritual point of view, what can be noted about them?
From north east to north west. They used iron and had an agropecuary economy. As funeral practice, instead of inhumating bodies, they incinerated them and put the remains in urns (URNENFELDER, is this called, in german).
5. Metals brought Phoenicians (TEXT P. 12 CENTER) to southern Spain. Which was their main colony?
Gadir (Cádiz). SEE IMAGE P. 12 DOWN (colony in Guardamar).
6. What is the most important Phoenician innovation? *
Alphabet.
7. How did the fact that Phoenicia was a Thalassocracy influence northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula? *
It founded the important colony of Carthage, which became the peninsula´s colonizer.
8. Indigenous peoples were far more developed in the south and east. Which culture stands out? Why is it still one of our history´s enigmas?
Tartessos. Because there are no urban remains, only treasures. TXT 13 UP.
9. Which cultures did Carthage fight, in the peninsula and out of it, and with what consequences? *
In the peninsula it contributed to the end of Tartessos by hindering its trade in Gibraltar. In and out of the peninsula, they fought the Greeks and as a result, they had to share the territory. Finally, they fought Rome, and they were destroyed as it outcome (Punic Wars).
10. When did Greeks arrive? Which is its most known colony and how did they influence indigenous peoples?
VIII b.C. Emporion (IMAGE P. 12 UP, TXT P. 13 CENTER). Developed urbanism.
11. Before Rome, the most developed peoples appear to the south and east of the peninsula. Which are they and why are they that advanced? *
Tartessos and Iberians. Because of Phoenician and Greek influence.
12. Which people developed out of the colonizer´s influence? Can you guess its inmediate reference?
Celts. Indo-europeans. In fact, celts lived in castros up north.
13. Name two features of the iberians´habitat.
Walled villages near trade routes with regular urbanistic trade. Sort of fragile building techniques.
14. We don’t know much about Iberians. Deciphering their alphabet would help, but we do know trade civilized them and that they were politheists.
15. Which among their economic activities got to be important for their future trade with Rome? Clue: Falcatas…… Metallurgy. TEXT P. 14 DOWN.
16. How did near east influence Iberian art? And Greece?
Decorativism. Frontalism (archaic greek art). IMAGE P. 14 UP.
17. Which is the most widely known iberian artistic activity? How did it develop that greatly?
Pottery. By the diffusion of the potter´s wheel.
18. Differ Iberian cities from celt castros. IMAGE P. 15 DOWN.
Celts did not have any urban plan. Building and walling are similar.
19. How did economy differ for Iberians and celts?
No trade for Celts, who also still depended on hunting and fishing activities. Furthermore, there still were nomad herdsmen.
20. Metals also brought trade to celt regions, but there are differences with the south and east. Name them.
Trade was by swap and many of the metallurgical output was for self use. IMAGE 15 CTER.
21. Let us compare celts and Iberians on terms of social organization.
Celts did not know script. They weren’t organized in tribes, but in gens.
22. Compare the chronologies of Roman Spain and Muslim Spain.
8 centuries, with a more complete control in the first case, which also was progressive.
FOR A GENERAL VIEW ON COLONISATIONS, SEE MAP P. 13 AND CHART.
1. What stands out in our knowledge of our peninsula around the year 1000 b.C.?
The existence of written records.
2. Trade led to civilization in western mediterranean and the atlantic coast. Which product? From where and where to ?
Tin, among other metals, abundant in our peninsula. From what is now England to the near East.
3. Culturally, what did all this trade bring about in the last millennium BC? Which three Mediterranean peoples were involved?
Colonization. Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians.
4. Where did indo-europeans establish themselves? From the material and spiritual point of view, what can be noted about them?
From north east to north west. They used iron and had an agropecuary economy. As funeral practice, instead of inhumating bodies, they incinerated them and put the remains in urns (URNENFELDER, is this called, in german).
5. Metals brought Phoenicians (TEXT P. 12 CENTER) to southern Spain. Which was their main colony?
Gadir (Cádiz). SEE IMAGE P. 12 DOWN (colony in Guardamar).
6. What is the most important Phoenician innovation? *
Alphabet.
7. How did the fact that Phoenicia was a Thalassocracy influence northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula? *
It founded the important colony of Carthage, which became the peninsula´s colonizer.
8. Indigenous peoples were far more developed in the south and east. Which culture stands out? Why is it still one of our history´s enigmas?
Tartessos. Because there are no urban remains, only treasures. TXT 13 UP.
9. Which cultures did Carthage fight, in the peninsula and out of it, and with what consequences? *
In the peninsula it contributed to the end of Tartessos by hindering its trade in Gibraltar. In and out of the peninsula, they fought the Greeks and as a result, they had to share the territory. Finally, they fought Rome, and they were destroyed as it outcome (Punic Wars).
10. When did Greeks arrive? Which is its most known colony and how did they influence indigenous peoples?
VIII b.C. Emporion (IMAGE P. 12 UP, TXT P. 13 CENTER). Developed urbanism.
11. Before Rome, the most developed peoples appear to the south and east of the peninsula. Which are they and why are they that advanced? *
Tartessos and Iberians. Because of Phoenician and Greek influence.
12. Which people developed out of the colonizer´s influence? Can you guess its inmediate reference?
Celts. Indo-europeans. In fact, celts lived in castros up north.
13. Name two features of the iberians´habitat.
Walled villages near trade routes with regular urbanistic trade. Sort of fragile building techniques.
14. We don’t know much about Iberians. Deciphering their alphabet would help, but we do know trade civilized them and that they were politheists.
15. Which among their economic activities got to be important for their future trade with Rome? Clue: Falcatas…… Metallurgy. TEXT P. 14 DOWN.
16. How did near east influence Iberian art? And Greece?
Decorativism. Frontalism (archaic greek art). IMAGE P. 14 UP.
17. Which is the most widely known iberian artistic activity? How did it develop that greatly?
Pottery. By the diffusion of the potter´s wheel.
18. Differ Iberian cities from celt castros. IMAGE P. 15 DOWN.
Celts did not have any urban plan. Building and walling are similar.
19. How did economy differ for Iberians and celts?
No trade for Celts, who also still depended on hunting and fishing activities. Furthermore, there still were nomad herdsmen.
20. Metals also brought trade to celt regions, but there are differences with the south and east. Name them.
Trade was by swap and many of the metallurgical output was for self use. IMAGE 15 CTER.
21. Let us compare celts and Iberians on terms of social organization.
Celts did not know script. They weren’t organized in tribes, but in gens.
22. Compare the chronologies of Roman Spain and Muslim Spain.
8 centuries, with a more complete control in the first case, which also was progressive.
3rd SESSION: ROME
1. Why did Rome and Carthage make war on Spain?
FOR THE PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL EVOLUTION, SEE MAPS P. 17.
2. Can You guess which cities are today these roman provincial capitals?
3. What two origins did roman cities in Spain have? Name examples.
4. Were communications efficient? Which were the main roman ways?
5. Describe the process by which Spanish roman cities were integrated in the empire, that is, they were Romanized.
6. What proves total integration of Spain in the roman world during the first century BC? Remember that roman Hispania included the current states of Spain and Portugal.
7. Why did economy grow during roman times?
8. Why did land property start to be unfairly distributed?
9. Did this happen only with the land?
10. Name products which were then typical from our peninsula.
11. Apart from distributing output, why were Spanish cities also economically relevant?
12. Where were the main Spanish sea ports during roman times?
13. How was roman society basically divided? How was this system organized?
14. Was slavery important to roman economy? Why?
15. Could any rich man in the roman empire be a part of the ruling minority?
16. The cultural process known as Romanization meant total assumption of 5 features. Name them.
17. What is the historical relevancy of roman language and law?
18. Is there any significant religious Spanish contribution? CONCEPT P. 20 UP.
19. Which was the main feature in roman architecture and urbanism in Spain? **
20. What was the historical significance of the two first centuries AD in Europe? Politically, did Spain contribute?
21. Difficulties started with two economic problems, which had their causes. Explain them.
22. How did all this led to later medieval Feudalism?
23. What historical moment marks political rise for Christians in the roman empire? Why is there also rise in their wealth? *
24. Why did central political control decay?
25. From when did all this affect roman Spain? When did the decaying process end? IMG 21
FOR THE PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL EVOLUTION, SEE MAPS P. 17.
2. Can You guess which cities are today these roman provincial capitals?
3. What two origins did roman cities in Spain have? Name examples.
4. Were communications efficient? Which were the main roman ways?
5. Describe the process by which Spanish roman cities were integrated in the empire, that is, they were Romanized.
6. What proves total integration of Spain in the roman world during the first century BC? Remember that roman Hispania included the current states of Spain and Portugal.
7. Why did economy grow during roman times?
8. Why did land property start to be unfairly distributed?
9. Did this happen only with the land?
10. Name products which were then typical from our peninsula.
11. Apart from distributing output, why were Spanish cities also economically relevant?
12. Where were the main Spanish sea ports during roman times?
13. How was roman society basically divided? How was this system organized?
14. Was slavery important to roman economy? Why?
15. Could any rich man in the roman empire be a part of the ruling minority?
16. The cultural process known as Romanization meant total assumption of 5 features. Name them.
17. What is the historical relevancy of roman language and law?
18. Is there any significant religious Spanish contribution? CONCEPT P. 20 UP.
19. Which was the main feature in roman architecture and urbanism in Spain? **
20. What was the historical significance of the two first centuries AD in Europe? Politically, did Spain contribute?
21. Difficulties started with two economic problems, which had their causes. Explain them.
22. How did all this led to later medieval Feudalism?
23. What historical moment marks political rise for Christians in the roman empire? Why is there also rise in their wealth? *
24. Why did central political control decay?
25. From when did all this affect roman Spain? When did the decaying process end? IMG 21
miércoles, 22 de septiembre de 2010
¿Qué hay que mirarse para la segunda clase?
Forgot to tell you the questions are extracted from the material contained inpages 12 to 15. That is what you´re supposed to read.
1º CLASE HISTORIA DE ESPAÑA 2º BAC ANSWERED QUESTIONS
1. Order chronologically the 5 main historical periods in the history of the world.
Prehistory, Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern history and Contemporary Age.
2. Which two features are essential to Prehistory?
Hominization is completed, no written records.
3. Do the same thing with an Homo.
Big cranial volume, biped, vertical skeleton, molarization…
4. Where and when did the first Homo species appear in the Iberian Peninsula? When did Homo Sapiens finally arrive and with what consequences? SEE IMAGES AND TEXT P. 8
Atapuerca, Antecessor (800.000), Heidelbergensis (450.000).
40.000. Neanderthals extinct.
5. Why were caves permanent habitats during the Paleolithic? *
Because of the Ice Age.
6. Name the three features of any Paleolithic community.
Predators, Nomads, Collective, although disorganized.
7. Name the basic innovations and Homo species of each Paleolithic period:
Lower (worked tools), Middle (Neanderthalensis: Fire, Caves, Funerary rites), Upper (Sapiens: New materials, cave painting, Mobiliar Art).
8. Which is the most ancient paeninsular paleolithical deposit? *
Atapuerca.
9. Does Murcia contain any important deposit? From when? MAP P. 9
Yes. Sima de las Palomas (Neanderthalensis, Middle Paleolithic).
10. What is the name of paleolithical art? Why? *
Cave painting, for obvious reasons.
11. What has been the interpretation of cave paintings?
Sympathetic Magic for hunters, Sanctuaries.
12. Distinguish northern cave painting from the Levantine one.
Naturalist vs schematic. Narrative and using human figures (Levantine), Better use of color in the north.
13. Which is the most famous cave?
Altamira. Check Images p. 9
14. How and when does Neolithic arrive in our paeninsula?
5000 b.C. From the near east and out of indigenous evolution.
15. Essentially, what differs Paleolithic from Neolithic?
Agricultural output, Pottery, textile products and sedentarism. IMAGE P. 10UP
16. What differed in terms of habitat, Initial Neolithic from the following period?
At first, they lived in mountainous caves near the coast, then they colonized the interior and established themselves, in sedentary villages, in fertile plain lands.
17. As to material cultures, how did Neolithic evolve?
First, there´s the cardium or cardial pottery, then necropolis rise in importance, Pit Graves standing out.
18. How do we know they had division of labor? And Mining and Trade?
Rich findings in graves. SEE IMAGE P. 10 DOWN
19. Why did people in our peninsula become more sedentary? Name an example.
Because of agricultural improvement. Los Millares.
20. Copper metallurgy appears between the third and the second millennium b.C. What cultural and material forms appear associated to it?
Megalithism. The Campaniform Vase. SEE IMAGES P. 11 UP AND DOWN. ALSO IMG 25.
21. What technological innovation appears around 1700 b.C.? Why is it specially linked to Murcia?
Bronze. El Argar.
22. Remember, the great Copper material culture is….(Campaniform…), and the Great Bronze culture is…(Argar..).
23. Socially, what changes?
Hierarchization and development of small cities.
24. What is the other Bronze regional culture in what is now Spain?
The important megalithic Talayot culture from the Balearic Islands. IMG 11 CENTER.
25. There are two important migrations in our peninsula to the end of the second millennium (Bronze Final). Name them.
Indo-europeans through the north east and Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians through the Mediterranean.
26. What two important innovations came with them? Any local culture?
Iron metallurgy and Script. The Castro culture in the north.
Prehistory, Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern history and Contemporary Age.
2. Which two features are essential to Prehistory?
Hominization is completed, no written records.
3. Do the same thing with an Homo.
Big cranial volume, biped, vertical skeleton, molarization…
4. Where and when did the first Homo species appear in the Iberian Peninsula? When did Homo Sapiens finally arrive and with what consequences? SEE IMAGES AND TEXT P. 8
Atapuerca, Antecessor (800.000), Heidelbergensis (450.000).
40.000. Neanderthals extinct.
5. Why were caves permanent habitats during the Paleolithic? *
Because of the Ice Age.
6. Name the three features of any Paleolithic community.
Predators, Nomads, Collective, although disorganized.
7. Name the basic innovations and Homo species of each Paleolithic period:
Lower (worked tools), Middle (Neanderthalensis: Fire, Caves, Funerary rites), Upper (Sapiens: New materials, cave painting, Mobiliar Art).
8. Which is the most ancient paeninsular paleolithical deposit? *
Atapuerca.
9. Does Murcia contain any important deposit? From when? MAP P. 9
Yes. Sima de las Palomas (Neanderthalensis, Middle Paleolithic).
10. What is the name of paleolithical art? Why? *
Cave painting, for obvious reasons.
11. What has been the interpretation of cave paintings?
Sympathetic Magic for hunters, Sanctuaries.
12. Distinguish northern cave painting from the Levantine one.
Naturalist vs schematic. Narrative and using human figures (Levantine), Better use of color in the north.
13. Which is the most famous cave?
Altamira. Check Images p. 9
14. How and when does Neolithic arrive in our paeninsula?
5000 b.C. From the near east and out of indigenous evolution.
15. Essentially, what differs Paleolithic from Neolithic?
Agricultural output, Pottery, textile products and sedentarism. IMAGE P. 10UP
16. What differed in terms of habitat, Initial Neolithic from the following period?
At first, they lived in mountainous caves near the coast, then they colonized the interior and established themselves, in sedentary villages, in fertile plain lands.
17. As to material cultures, how did Neolithic evolve?
First, there´s the cardium or cardial pottery, then necropolis rise in importance, Pit Graves standing out.
18. How do we know they had division of labor? And Mining and Trade?
Rich findings in graves. SEE IMAGE P. 10 DOWN
19. Why did people in our peninsula become more sedentary? Name an example.
Because of agricultural improvement. Los Millares.
20. Copper metallurgy appears between the third and the second millennium b.C. What cultural and material forms appear associated to it?
Megalithism. The Campaniform Vase. SEE IMAGES P. 11 UP AND DOWN. ALSO IMG 25.
21. What technological innovation appears around 1700 b.C.? Why is it specially linked to Murcia?
Bronze. El Argar.
22. Remember, the great Copper material culture is….(Campaniform…), and the Great Bronze culture is…(Argar..).
23. Socially, what changes?
Hierarchization and development of small cities.
24. What is the other Bronze regional culture in what is now Spain?
The important megalithic Talayot culture from the Balearic Islands. IMG 11 CENTER.
25. There are two important migrations in our peninsula to the end of the second millennium (Bronze Final). Name them.
Indo-europeans through the north east and Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians through the Mediterranean.
26. What two important innovations came with them? Any local culture?
Iron metallurgy and Script. The Castro culture in the north.
martes, 21 de septiembre de 2010
1º CLASE DE HISTORIA
Hay que mirarse desde el inicio a la página 11. Estas son las preguntas en inglés. A ver qué podemos hacer. Un consejo: Yo intentaría responderlas, e incluso ponerlas en inglés.
1. Order chronologically the 5 main historical periods in the history of the world.
2. Which two features are essentially prehistoric?
3. Do the same thing with an Homo.
4. Where and when did the first Homo species appear in the Iberian Peninsula? When did H Sapiens finally arrive and with what consequences? see IMAGES AND TEXT P. 8
5. Why were caves permanent habitats during the Paleolithic? *
6. Name the three features of any Paleolithic community.
7. Name the basic innovations and Homo species of each Paleolithic period:
8. Which is the most ancient paeninsular paleolithical deposit? *
9. Does Murcia contain any important deposit? From when? MAP P. 9
10. What is the name of paleolithical art? Why? *
11. What has been the interpretation of cave paintings?
12. Differ northern cave painting from the Levantine one.
13. Which is the most famous cave?
14. How and when does Neolithic arrive in our paeninsula?
15. Essentially, what differs Paleolithic from Neolithic?
16. What differed in terms of habitat, Initial Neolithic from the following period?
17. As to material cultures, how did Neolithic evolve?
18. How do we know they had division of labor? And Mining and Trade?
19. Why did people in our peninsula become more sedentary? Name an example.
20. Copper metallurgy appears between the third and the second millennium b.C. What cultural and material forms appear associated to it?
21. What technological innovation appears around 1700 b.C.? Why is it specially linked to Murcia?
22. Remember, the great Copper material culture is...., and the Great Bronze culture is...
23. Socially, what changes?
24. What is the other Bronze regional culture in what is now Spain?
25. There are two important migrations in our peninsula to the end of the second millennium (Bronze Final). Name them.
26. What two important innovations came with them? Any local culture?
1. Order chronologically the 5 main historical periods in the history of the world.
2. Which two features are essentially prehistoric?
3. Do the same thing with an Homo.
4. Where and when did the first Homo species appear in the Iberian Peninsula? When did H Sapiens finally arrive and with what consequences? see IMAGES AND TEXT P. 8
5. Why were caves permanent habitats during the Paleolithic? *
6. Name the three features of any Paleolithic community.
7. Name the basic innovations and Homo species of each Paleolithic period:
8. Which is the most ancient paeninsular paleolithical deposit? *
9. Does Murcia contain any important deposit? From when? MAP P. 9
10. What is the name of paleolithical art? Why? *
11. What has been the interpretation of cave paintings?
12. Differ northern cave painting from the Levantine one.
13. Which is the most famous cave?
14. How and when does Neolithic arrive in our paeninsula?
15. Essentially, what differs Paleolithic from Neolithic?
16. What differed in terms of habitat, Initial Neolithic from the following period?
17. As to material cultures, how did Neolithic evolve?
18. How do we know they had division of labor? And Mining and Trade?
19. Why did people in our peninsula become more sedentary? Name an example.
20. Copper metallurgy appears between the third and the second millennium b.C. What cultural and material forms appear associated to it?
21. What technological innovation appears around 1700 b.C.? Why is it specially linked to Murcia?
22. Remember, the great Copper material culture is...., and the Great Bronze culture is...
23. Socially, what changes?
24. What is the other Bronze regional culture in what is now Spain?
25. There are two important migrations in our peninsula to the end of the second millennium (Bronze Final). Name them.
26. What two important innovations came with them? Any local culture?
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